A satellite revolves around the earth, which is similar to the earth revolving around the sun. So, the principles which are applied to earth and its movement around the sun are also applicable to a satellite and its movement around the earth. Johannes Kepler  (1571-1630) was one of the most accepted scientists in describing the principle of a satellite that moves around the earth. Kepler formulated three laws that changed the whole satellite communication theory and observati

Satellite communication is radio communication with RF waves traveling through the air from the earth station to the satellite (uplink) and some information received from the satellite to the earth station (downlink).  Link budget is the calculation of various factors such as transmitted power, received power, power loss & gain.  To receive data without adding noise, digital modulation is needed. Link budget calculation is the determination of power required to transmit and r

Imagine a world where hundreds—or even thousands—of tiny robots work together to explore disaster zones, assemble structures, or monitor...